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- BOOKS, Page 74Odd Hysteria
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- FREUD'S VIENNA AND OTHER ESSAYS
- by Bruno Bettelheim
- Knopf; 284 pages; $22.95
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- Psychoanalysts tend to believe that nothing happens by
- accident, so Bruno Bettelheim has a theory about why
- psychoanalysis, and indeed "all modern methods of treatment for
- mental disturbances," first emerged in Vienna. The fact that
- Sigmund Freud lived there is too easy. More fundamental was the
- half-hidden disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
- defeated on the battlefield by Prussia, torn apart by Balkan
- nationalism and devastated by the bank crash of 1873.
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- Its reigning Empress Elisabeth was half mad or, as
- Bettelheim more clinically describes her, "hysterical,
- narcissistic, and anorexic." And the heir apparent, Crown
- Prince Rudolf, climaxed a sexual episode by killing both his
- mistress and himself. Yet this was also the era of The Blue
- Danube. Bettelheim's conclusion: "Things had never been better,
- but at the same time they had never been worse; this strange
- simultaneity, in my opinion, explains why psychoanalysis, based
- on the understanding of ambivalence, hysteria, and neurosis,
- originated in Vienna and probably could have originated nowhere
- else."
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- This engaging book is not really about Freud's Vienna,
- however, so much as Bettelheim's Vienna. The two men shared the
- same city for more than a third of a century. Freud had
- recently published his first major work, The Interpretation of
- Dreams, when Bettelheim was born in 1903. He became interested
- in psychoanalysis because another schoolboy was impressing
- Bettelheim's girlfriend with prattle about the new theories of
- Dr. Freud. As a young man, Bettelheim liked to walk past
- Freud's establishment at Berggasse 19. "Looking up at his
- quarters, I always wondered why this great man chose to live
- there." (Bettelheim has a theory about that too.) Finally,
- Vienna expelled both of them, Freud to sanctuary in London in
- 1938, Bettelheim to a year in the concentration camps at Dachau
- and Buchenwald.
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- In putting together a collection of essays, Bettelheim, 86,
- has created a kind of crypto-autobiography, because he keeps
- reverting to the elements that have established patterns in his
- life: psychoanalysis, art, children (he has specialized in
- treating autistic children at the University of Chicago) and
- the Holocaust. Several of those patterns combine in his moving
- account of Janusz Korczak, who headed the Jewish orphanage in
- Warsaw, where a children's court enforced the children's rules.
- Despite friends' efforts to rescue him, Korczak insisted on
- staying with his children even as he walked hand in hand with
- them onto the train to Treblinka.
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- Ultimately, Bettelheim had to return to Dachau. His taxi
- drove past the barracks that he had once inhabited. "For a
- moment," he writes, "I was tempted to ask the driver to stop
- and let me out, but children were playing in front of it, and
- I thought better of disturbing their play and privacy for the
- sake of what by now was empty curiosity." This is a book that
- expresses kindness, strength and wisdom.
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- By Otto Friedrich.
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